St. Augustine Essay -- essays research papers

Saint Augustine of HippoTheologians, Biblical scholars and Christians all over the world often wrestle with both extremely important questions about their faith. These questions are, "What is God like?" and "How should we live in response to God?" Some intuitive feeling that we need others to direct us, some feel we need them to challenge us, but everyone agrees that we need others. That is exactly how Saint Augustine struggles to find his faith and beliefs. He found it extremely difficult to come with a consequence when it was staring at him straight in the face, but just as he did, we draw up our own conclusions with the guidance of others. Saint Augustine, born Aurelis Augustinus, was an influential and great philosopher and theologian of early times. He was considered the most important of the Latin church building Fathers. His writings of sermons gained fame, notably Confessions and his Treatise City of God. Through his work he helped learn the church in Wes tern Europe from the church that it had reformed elsewhere.     Saint Augustine was born on November 13, 354 AD in Tagaste, Numidia (modern-day Nigeria). His father, Patricius was a pagan and his mother, Monica was a utilise Christian who prayed untiringly for her sons conversion to become a Christian herself. His mother later became officially declared by the Roman Catholic Church and became a saint as well. Due to his parents mixed beliefs, St. Augustine questioned both sides of re...

The Symbolism of Self Violence Essay -- Psychology Papers

The Symbolism of Self violenceI enrolled in this class in semioticals in order to see if the semiotic get would give me a greater understanding or give heart and soul to what I do for a living. It seems natural that I would try to go for the method with the problems that vex me the most. I hope that any reader of this text will appreciate the cause at interpretation of meaning and not focalization on the sensationalism or strangeness of the miens that I will describe. I must give credit for the idea of looking at the symbolism of self-violence to crowd Gilligan in his book, Violence in which he examines the symbolism of violence towards others (Gilligan , 1996) . This paper is an contract to bring meaning or understanding to the behaviors of the residents where I am employed, specifically self-inflicted harm or self-injurious behaviors. I will first describe the behaviors, then define them in the theories that I have used for many years, and finally attempt to make meaning f rom the behaviors through semiotics. Jane, not her real name, became upset one night while I was at work. I was called to help stop her, as she had ran into the bathroom where she was making cuts on her face with a piece of mirror she broke from a compact. She make four parallel superficial lines of about both centimeters downwards from her left eye. David was in the seclusionary time-out room for physical aggression as well as verbal aggression towards a female staff. He had taken his tee shirt off and had torn it into long narrow strips, which he used to espouse around his neck and to tie his hands and fingers in concert and still attached to his neck. His arms were flexed upwards towards his neck in order to make the strips reach both. some other boy of ... ...unction well during the other parts of the day. My train for writing this essay has been to examine the standard approaches to understanding self-injury and then apply a semiotic approach to the self-injury. The teenag ers that I give as examples are individuals whose behavior has defied explanation and treatment through the conventional means. I find some freedom and hope in viewing their behaviors as being more symbolic. References Aaltonen, J, & Rakkolainen, V. (1994). The dual-lane image guiding the treatment process A precondition for integration of the treatment of schizophrenia. British journal of Psychiatry, 164(suppl 23), 97-102.Danesi, M. (1998). Sign, thought, & culture A basic course in semiotics. Canadian Scholars Press Toronto, Ontario. Gilligan, J. (1996). Violence Our deadly epidemic and its causes. Putnam New York, New York. The Symbolism of Self Violence Essay -- Psychology PapersThe Symbolism of Self ViolenceI enrolled in this class in semiotics in order to see if the semiotic approach would give me a greater understanding or give meaning to what I do for a living. It seems natural that I would try to employ the method with the problems that vex me the most. I hope that any reader of this text will appreciate the attempt at interpretation of meaning and not focus on the sensationalism or strangeness of the behaviors that I will describe. I must give credit for the idea of looking at the symbolism of self-violence to James Gilligan in his book, Violence in which he examines the symbolism of violence towards others (Gilligan , 1996) . This paper is an attempt to bring meaning or understanding to the behaviors of the residents where I am employed, specifically self-inflicted harm or self-injurious behaviors. I will first describe the behaviors, then define them in the theories that I have used for many years, and finally attempt to make meaning from the behaviors through semiotics. Jane, not her real name, became upset one night while I was at work. I was called to help stop her, as she had ran into the bathroom where she was making cuts on her face with a piece of mirror she broke from a compact. She made four parallel superficial lines of about two centimeters downwards from her left eye. David was in the seclusionary time-out room for physical aggression as well as verbal aggression towards a female staff. He had taken his tee shirt off and had torn it into long narrow strips, which he used to tie around his neck and to tie his hands and fingers together and still attached to his neck. His arms were flexed upwards towards his neck in order to make the strips reach both. Another boy of ... ...unction well during the other parts of the day. My purpose for writing this essay has been to examine the standard approaches to understanding self-injury and then apply a semiotic approach to the self-injury. The teenagers that I give as examples are individuals whose behavior has defied explanation and treatment through the conventional means. I find some freedom and hope in viewing their behaviors as being more symbolic. References Aaltonen, J, & Rakkolainen, V. (1994). The shared image guiding the treatment process A precon dition for integration of the treatment of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(suppl 23), 97-102.Danesi, M. (1998). Sign, thought, & culture A basic course in semiotics. Canadian Scholars Press Toronto, Ontario. Gilligan, J. (1996). Violence Our deadly epidemic and its causes. Putnam New York, New York.

Differences Between Men and Women Essay -- Compare Contrast Gender Ess

Anytime anyone is about to have a baby the first question is Is it a boy or a female child? People ask this question because there is a difference between the two genders. Several are curious to know whether the baby go out turn out to be a sweet young lady or a strong young man. Even as children, the distinctions are lucid and stand apart. A young girl may ask a boy Whats that? A young boy may ask a girl Wheres yours? This is their first step towards self discovery. Everyone knows there is a difference but no one ever stops to see how numerous there sincerely yours are. There are numerous reasons why someone has be cut the gender they are, which is why the two appear different. Various people have been in the scrap for equality over the years, they argue that even though we are all so different we can all be treated in the very(prenominal) way. In spite of the need for equality among men and women, there are still many differences, such as, body image, m ate selection, sexuality, and stereotypes. In selecting a mate, women understand at different attractions than a man would. According to Rachel Herz, women are greatly attracted to the way a man smells and is typically one of the first things a adult female looks for when selecting a mate. As a first impression, women want to be put into a daze or mesmerized by the individual they have come into contact with. Gender is not the only factor that a woman looks for when selecting a mate. Many women go deeper and search for things, such as, race, ethnicity, age, and good providers (Our Bodies 186). These affect many women by the importance they bring to a relationship. Typically women are looking for someone that they can spend their lives with, therefore they look for the qualit... ...each gender it all depends on how those viewpoints are used that determine the kind of person that is developed.Works CitedEagly, Alice H. Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Simi larities. San Diego, California London, 2001.Herz, Rachel. Sex Differences in Response to fleshly and Social Factors Involved in Human Mate Selection The Importance of Smell for Women. Evolution and Human Behavior 23 (2002) 359-64. <http//ucolk2.olk.uc.edu/search/i10905138/i1090+5138/1,1,2,B/frameset&FF=i1090+5138&1,,2.Our Bodies, Ourselves for the New century A Book by and for Women. New York Simon and Shuster, 1998.Sherman, Julia A. Ph.D. On the Psychology of Women A Survey of Empirical Studies. Springfield, Illinois Thomas, 1971.Williams, Juanita H. Psychology of Women Behavior in a Biosocial Context. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1974.

King George I :: essays research papers

King George IKing George I was born in 1660 at Osnabuuck, the eldest son of Ernest Augustus-Duke of Brunswick-Lunchburg and first Elector of Hanover. Because his puzzle was the Elector of Hanover, George was the Electoral Price of the Empire. He was also in the imperial army, who faced battles against the Dutch, the Turks, Nine Years War, and in the War of Spanish Succession. George soon became a talented and experienced General. He went on to command in many wars. He eventually became lector of Hanover in 1698(2001 World Book Encyclopedia).George I unite Sophia Dorothea, heiress of Duchy of Brunswick and Zell, in 1682. He and his cousin Sophia had one boy and one girl before the marriage turned sour. George was a bad married man with many mistresses while Sophia had many close guy friends. In 1694, George divorced Sophia and accused her of adultry. Being a prominent male in Hanover, the future index of England had her put into prison for 32 years, where she died in 1726.George I became King of England in 1714 when his distant cousin Queen Ann died. After Anns last surviving kid had died in 1700, many people claimed that only her half brother James Francis Edward Stuart, a Roman Catholic and son of King James II, had right to accompany her. In 1701, the parliament passed an Act of Settlement that made sure no Catholic would be Monarch. The act provided that Princess Sophia, a Protestant, would succeed Ann as ruler of England unless Ann had some other child. Sophias son George, became heir to the throne in August 1714(The Royal Heraldry of England).King George was 54 years of age when he took the throne. He was said to be undignified without the slightest knowledge of the English language. This prevented him from taking part in cabinet councils. He never bothered to learn the language of his new kingdom, although he already knew Latin, French, and Italian. George also showed no appreciation for the English culture. Englishmen Samuel Johnson summarized his thoughts on King George by saying, George I knew nothing and craved to know nothing do nothing and desired to do nothing,(Western Civilization Volume II).Due to Georges little interaction with parliament, it further asserted itself with a new coronation of oath, requiring each monarch to inform to obey parliamentary statutes. It established a mandatory term of office for itself, gained tighter control over the budget and army, and produced a Bill of Rights that guaranteed citizens many liberties.

The Nature of Love Explored in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

The course of true love never did run smooth, comments Lysander of loves complications in an ex adjustment with Hermia (Shakespeare I.i.136). Although the course A Midsummer nighttimes Dream certainly deals with the difficulty of romance, it is not considered a true love story like Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare, as he unfolds the story, intentionally distances the audience from the emotions of the characters so he can caricature the anguish and burdens endured by the lovers. Through his masterful use of figurative language, Shakespeare examines the theme of the capricious and irrational nature of love.As the play opens, Theseus, Duke of Athens, and Hippolyta, his fiance discuss their upcoming wedding. With the introduction of Theseus and Hippolyta, Shakespeare presents the backdrop for the multi-faceted love relationships which take place in the play. In an effort to celebrate the occasion with pomp, triumph and reveling, (Shakespeare I.i.20) Theseus instructs Philostrate, cross of the Revels, to stir up the Athenian youth to merriments (Shakespeare I.i.13) as well as to provide entertaining distractions for him and Hippolyta until their wedding. These simple, innocent instructions for merriment and entertainment set the confront for Shakespeare to intricately weave the young lovers, the fairies and the rustics into the story. Introducing the main conflict, Egeus, an Athenian citizen seeking the wise counsel of Theseus, arrives. Egeus complaint is against his daughter, who refuses to wed Demetrius, the suitor he has chosen. Although Demetrius loves Hermia, she has given her heart to Lysander and thus refuses to obey her father and Athenian law. Interestingly, Demetrius not too long ago professed his love for Helena,... ...ss of love. The audience must wonder if Demetrius will have another change of heart or if he has truly matured. Thomas Marc Parrott asserts of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, It is his use of language, as in so oftentimes else in this play, that Shakespeare shows himself the master (Kehler 22). Through Shakespeares intricate weaving of figurative language throughout the play, he leads the audience on an imaginative, melodramatic, and enchanting parody of exploration into the complexities of love. As Parrott contends, Shakespeares true expertise lies in his artful handling of the complexities and subtleties of both the written and spoken word. Work CitedShakespeare, William. A Midsummer Nights Dream. The Norton Shakespeare Based on the Oxford Edition, 2nd ed. Eds. Greenblatt, Stephen et al. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2009. Print.

The Nature of Love Explored in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

The course of true love never did run smooth, comments Lysander of loves complications in an exchange with Hermia (Shakespeare I.i.136). Although the sportsman A Midsummer Nights Dream certainly deals with the difficulty of romance, it is not considered a true love story like Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare, as he unfolds the story, intentionally distances the audience from the emotions of the characters so he can caricature the anguish and burdens endured by the lovers. Through his masterful use of figurative language, Shakespeare examines the theme of the capricious and foolish nature of love.As the play opens, Theseus, Duke of Athens, and Hippolyta, his fiance discuss their upcoming wedding. With the introduction of Theseus and Hippolyta, Shakespeare presents the backdrop for the multi-faceted love relationships which take place in the play. In an effort to hold back the occasion with pomp, triumph and reveling, (Shakespeare I.i.20) Theseus instructs Philostrate, Master of the Revels, to stir up the Athenian youth to pastimes (Shakespeare I.i.13) as well as to provide entertaining distractions for him and Hippolyta until their wedding. These simple, innocent instructions for merriment and entertainment set the stage for Shakespeare to intricately weave the young lovers, the fairies and the rustics into the story. Introducing the main conflict, Egeus, an Athenian citizen seeking the wise counsel of Theseus, arrives. Egeus complaint is against his daughter, who refuses to wed Demetrius, the suitor he has chosen. Although Demetrius loves Hermia, she has given her heart to Lysander and therefore refuses to obey her father and Athenian law. Interestingly, Demetrius not too long ago professed his love for Helena,... ...ss of love. The audience must wonder if Demetrius forget have another change of heart or if he has truly matured. Thomas Marc Parrott asserts of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, It is his use of language, as in so much else in this play, that Shakespeare shows himself the master (Kehler 22). Through Shakespeares intricate weaving of figurative language throughout the play, he leads the audience on an imaginative, melodramatic, and enchanting parody of exploration into the complexities of love. As Parrott contends, Shakespeares true expertise lies in his artful handling of the complexities and subtleties of both the written and spoken word. Work CitedShakespeare, William. A Midsummer Nights Dream. The Norton Shakespeare Based on the Oxford Edition, 2nd ed. Eds. Greenblatt, Stephen et al. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2009. Print.

Home Security System

brisk agent INFRARED MOTION DETECTOR FOR HOUSE SECURITY SYSTEM MIOR MOHAMMAD HAFIIZH BIN ABD. rani UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG ABSTRACT Nowadays, theater of operations credential dodging becomes the best solution to overcome mansion house intrusion problem when drug user is not in house. As we know, there argon m whatsoever fictitious characters of house pledge administration which is too expensive and difficult to use. For that reason, an effective house earnest organisation at unhopeful bell is built where user set up also program the guarantor establishment by their own.This dispatch is foc use on developing a house tribute system of rules with an restless infrargond exercise sensing element which is controlled by microcontroller Intel 8051. The overall proposal is divided into two p arts. The archetypal break dance is concern on the hardw be using where all electronics component are affiliated via the roach design using wrapping technique. An acti ve unseeable emission emission frequency, the magnetic detector, and keypad are the input components plot of land buzzer, indicator, and LCD display are the output components where its all controlled by controller spell. The second part is base on software programming to put away the hardware structure. syllabus for hostage system found on microcontroller Intel 8051 assembly language is assemble using ASM51 assembler to get the binary file thus, to cargo into external memory of the hardware structure via serial communication. The process of downloading and executing the program is done using HyperTerminals communication software to the microcontroller serial port. In narrate to give the best house security system, more detectors or sensors can buoy be connected to the microcontroller output port where it can be reprogram by user using their personal computer at dental plate.Read thisChapter 2 Why Security is NeededAs the result, the infrared cause detector is capable to detect dubiousness eyepatch the microcontroller is capable to control the consentaneous operation of the security system. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Motion detection is the action of sensing physical per constellationance in a precondition domain. Motion can be detected by measuring change in speed or vector of an dissolve in the field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanized thingumabobs that physically interact with the field or by electronic devices that quantifies and measures changes in the given environment.There are two device of exertion detection which is the mechanical device, and the other one is electronic device. In the mechanical device, a tripwire is a simple form of performance detection. If a moving objects steps into the tripwires field of view then a simple sound device analogous bells whitethorn merry the user. robotic enquiry detection devices can be simple to implement, but at the same age, it can be defeated easily by interrupting the devices mechanics like cutting the wire. While in electronic device, the electronic motion sensing such as motion detectors, can prevent such mechanical intervention.The principal methods by which motion can be electronically identified are optical detection and acoustical detection. Infrared light or optical maser technology may be employ for optical detection. Motion detection devices, such as motion detectors, have sensors that detect front man and send a signal to a sound device that produces an shock or switch on an image recording device. There are motions detector which employ cameras connected to a computer which stores and manages captured images to be viewed over a computer network.The applications for such detection are detection of unauthorized entry, detection of cessation of occupancy of an area to extinguish lighting, and detection of a moving object which triggers a camera to record subsequent events. The motion detector is thus a canonical inc lination of electronic security systems. 1. 2 Project objective The objective of this spue is to build a house security system using microcontroller Intel 8051 based on active infrared motion detection. 1. 3 Project scope This project concentrates on a exploitation of an active infrared motion detector for house security system.To develop the whole project, it make ups of three methods which are the apprehension of security system, the electrical structure, and the software programming. The concept of security system is on the detection of movement using active sensor to trigger alarm controlled by the microcontroller Intel 8051. The electrical structure consist of two systems which are the active infrared circuit that utilise to detect or sense motion and the microcontroller Intel 8051 circuit, used to control the whole operation of the security system. While the software programming is base on the microcontroller Intel 8051 program line sets.It contains a program designed fo r a security system as an interaction to operate the electrical structure. 1. 4 Literature review Motion detectors are mainly used in security systems 4. It is typically positioned near exterior doorways or windows of a building to monitor the area around it. Since motion detectors are so flexible and have so many uses, it offers feelings of protection and security for the average shoesowner as well as commercial organizations 4. An electronic motion detector is a device used to detect any physical movement in a given area and transforms motion into an electric signal.It consist of sensor that electrically connected to other devices such as security system, lighting, audio alarms, and other applications. Motion sensors are used in a immense variety of applications and as a result, many different types of motion sensors are available including the infrared sensor. Infrared sensors are widely known in the arts of intrusion detection and in fire or smoke detection. It is a device tha t often used in automatic light switches and security systems to unloose on a light or to take off some other form of alarm or warning indicator when a person visualises a monitored area 4.The infrared sensors have basically two forms active and dormant. 4 An active infrared detector includes a radiation quotation and an infrared sensor which is splendid to interruptions in the radiation sensed from the source. 4 These detectors are used as intrusion detectors by providing a path of radiation from the source to the sensor in a place where the path is likely to be interrupted by an trespasser. The proposed active infrared method of motion detection has the advantage of fast speed reply of a relatively large sensor.This advantage permits simpler optical system design, especially for wide fields of view. Besides, it is insensitivity to mechanical and acoustic noise, which presents substantial problems in the passive infrared (PIR) sensors. Low production cost is another advantag e of these active infrared detectors. 4 Passive infrared motion detection detects heat energy radiated or emitted by an object, such as a body of a person, moving across a field of view of a heat sensor of the motion detection system. It is generally use an optical ollection system and multiple sensing elements of alternating polarity to create a detection pattern in the multitude of interest. PIR detectors employ a group of radiation sensors coupled through amplifiers to a logic circuit. The radiation sensors detect changes in ambient infrared radiation. The detection system has an electrical circuit operatively coupled to the heat sensor for producing a detection signal in response to the heat sensor discover a change of temperature caused by the body heat of a person entering the detection pattern. PIR motion detectors are perhaps the closely frequently used home security device. 4 Passive IR motion detectors are usually designed to provide an indication to an alarm panel in r esponse to detecting IR that is indicative of motion of the object. The alarm panel is responsive to receipt of the breach indication to cause an alarm condition to occur. The other motion detector used in security system is an inaudible motion detector. It is comm moreover used for automatic door openers and security alarms 4. It is inexpensive and can operate with narrow beam-widths. The ultrasonic transducers are the sensor that used in ultrasonic motion detector.It can be used to detect motion in an area where there are not supposed to be any moving objects. This type of motion detector is most commonly used in burglar alarm systems since they are very effective in this application 4. In an ultrasonic motion detector, there are two transducers one emits an ultrasonic wave and the other picks up reflections from the different objects in the area. The reflected waves arrive at the pass catcher in constant phase if none of the objects in the area are moving. If something moves, t he received signal is shifted in phase. A phase comparator detects the shifted phase and sends a triggering beat to the alarm.Ultrasonic motion detectors have certain advantages and disadvantages when compared with other types of motion detectors. The main advantage is that they are very metier and extremely fast acting. However, the largest problem with this type of motion detector is that it sometimes responds to normal environmental vibration that can be caused by a musical passage car or a plane overhead. Besides, the installation options on this type of motion detector are limited because ultrasonic beams are easily bar by thin materials, including paper. False triggering is easily caused by reflections from blowing curtains, pets, and flying insects.While the passive infrared motion detectors offers problem where it can be falsely triggered by fervent air movement or other disturbances that can alter the infrared radiation levels in an area. In order to prevent this probl em, newer systems use two infrared sensors, which monitor different zones within a protected area. Logic within system triggers the alarm only when the two zones are activated in sequence, as would occur if a person walked through the protected area. For that reason, the purpose of using the active infrared as a sensor to detect motion for this project is surely on the advantage offers by the sensor.Its capability on detecting motion with a simple design at lowest cost is ask to build an effective house security system based on motion detection. 1. 5 Thesis outline Chapter 1 explains the background of motion detection, the project objective, the project scope, and the literature review of motion detector for security system. The concepts of motion detector are the major element as a guide for the developing of the security system. Chapter 2 explains the systems involved for the development of the active infrared motion detector for house security system.The understanding of three systems which are the active infrared, motion detector, and house security system stated in this chapter needed for the development of the whole project. Chapter 3 focuses on the methodologies for the development of the electrical structure and the implementations of microcontroller programming. It gives a design review on the concept of active infrared motion detector, the electrical structure for hardware development, and the programming for the operation of the security system. Chapter 4 discusses on the results obtained of the whole project.All discussions are concentrating on the result and performance of the security system. The discussion is valuable for future development of the security system. Chapter 5 discusses about the conclusion on development of the active infrared motion detector for house security system. The recommendations and modification required on this project is stated in this chapter for further development. CHAPTER 2 ACTIVE INFRARED MOTION DETECTOR FOR HO USE SECURITY SYSTEM 2. 1 Introduction There are two systems on a development of the active infrared motion detector for house security system.The first system is an active infrared motion detector and the other one is the controller system. The first system concentrates on a development of an active infrared motion detector. It is consists of three element, which are the active infrared, the motion detector, and the house security system. The motion detector circuit will be control by the second system which is the microcontroller Intel 8051 based system. The combination between this two systems will built a project called an active infrared motion detector for house security system. 2. 2 Active infrared (IR)Infrared is an electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength that is longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9. 4 meter. Infrared in this range will not pass through many types of material that pass visible light such as ordinary window glass and plastic. However it can pass through, with some attenuation, material that is opaque to visible light such as germanium and silicon. The active infrared sensors use invisible light to scan a defined area.In active infrared systems, there are two-piece elements which are consisting of an infrared transmitter and an infrared receiver. There is a 3/8 inch infrared beam between the transmitter which is placed on one side of the chase and the receiver which is placed on the other side of the trail. The transmitter and the receiver can be separated by as much as cl feet. The transmitter emits a beam of light into the scan zone. The light, which is reflected by the background returns to the receiver, which constantly monitors the scan zone. When a person or object enters the zone the infrared light is interrupted.It then sends a signal t o the controller system, which is wired into the door controls. One conversion of this operating way of life is called background suppression. This is when the receiver only detects a change in the reflected light when a person or object enters the scan zone thus causing a reflectance variation of the light, direct a signal to the microcontroller thus trigger the alarm of the security system. 2. 3 Motion detector A motion detector is a device that contains a motion sensor and is either integrated with or connected to other devices that alert the user of the pre-sense of motion.An electronic motion detector contains a motion sensor that transforms the detection of motion into an electric signal. The electric signal can be connected to a burglar alarm system which is used to alert the home owner or security service after it detects motion. An example of sensor that used in security system is an active sensor. Active sensors in motion detectors system are commonly used inside homes for a security system. An active motion detector emits optics or sound waves and measures feedback to detect motion. The simplest type of active motion detector is commonly used in commercial doorways to trigger a doorbell.A device is fixed to one side of the doorway, an optical sensor to the other. A beam of light will passes from the device through the sensor. When someone enters the establishment, the beam is broken, triggering the doorbell thus warn user for the intrusion. For that reason, active motion detectors can be purchased for home proceeds security system. It is inexpensive devices that can add for more security to a home and provide peace of mind for home owners. 2. 4 House security system House security system is one of security that truly related to burglar or safety alarm system.Burglar and safety alarms are found in electronic form nowadays. Sensors are connected to a control unit via either a low-voltage hardwire which in turn connects to a means for announcing th e alarm to elicit response. In a new construction systems are predominately hardwired for economy while in retrofits wireless systems may be more economical and certainly quicker to install. Some systems are dedicated to one mission handle fire, intrusion, and safety alarms simultaneously. In common security system, the lights are triggered by motion gives the impression to user that someone is at home and able to see the burglar.Infrared motion detectors placed in house security system in crucial areas of the house can detect any burglars and alert the home owner or police. The first security system invented, house alarms were triggered by the release of a pressure button fitted into a door or window frame. This basic alarm was fundamentally flawed as the entire intruder needed to do to silence the alarm was to close the door or window. While various systems on the market ranging from inexpensive house security alarms to highly sophisticated systems requiring professional installat ion.All modern alarms are based on the same foundation, the electric circuit which is completed either when the door is opened or closed depending on the security system designed. The alarm is triggered when the circuit is altered and will not be silenced until a enrol is punched into the control panel. The most expensive and complicated alarm systems might also involve a combination of motion sensors and pressure pads to ensure even the most cunning intruder doesnt get his hands on treasures. 2. 5 Microcontroller Intel 8051 The microcontroller 8051 is an 8-bit machine.Its memory is organized in bytes and practically all its instruction deal with byte quantities. It uses an Accumulator as the essential render for instruction results. Other operands can be accessed using one of the four different addressing modes available register implicit, direct, indirect or immediate. Operands reside in one of the five memory distances of the 8051. The five memory spaces of the 8051 are the P rogram entrepot, External Data Memory, Internal Data Memory, Special Function Registers and eccentric person Memory. The Program Memory space contains all the instructions, immediate data and constant tables and strings.It is principally addressed by the 16-bit Program Counter (PC), but it can also be accessed by a few instructions using the 16-bit Data Pointer (DPTR). The maximum size of the Program Memory space is 64K bytes. The External Data Memory space contains all the variables, buffers and data structures that can not fit on-chip. It is principally addressed by the 16-bit Data Pointer (DPTR), although the first two general purposes register R0 and R1 of the currently selected register bank can access a 256-byte bank of External Data Memory. The maximum size of the External Data Memory space is 64K bytes.The external data memory can only be accessed using the indirect addressing mode with the DPTR, R0 or R1. The Internal Data Memory space is functionally the most important d ata memory space. In it resides up to four banks of general purpose registers, the program stack, 128 bits of the 256-bit memory, and all the variables and data structures that are operated on directly by the program. The maximum size of the Internal Data Memory space is 256-bytes. The register, indirect and direct addressing modes can be used in different separate of the Internal Data Memory space.The Special Function Register space contains all the on-chip skirting(prenominal) input and output registers as well as special(prenominal) registers that need program access. The maximum number of Special Function Registers (SFRs) is 128, though the actual number on an 8051 family member depends on the number and type of peripheral functions integrated on. The SFRs can only be accessed using the direct addressing mode while the upper 128 bytes of the Internal Data Memory can only be accessed using the Indirect addressing mode. The Bit Memory space is used for storing bit variables and flags.There are specific instructions in the 8051 that operate only in the Bit Memory space. The maximum size of the Bit Memory space is 256-bits. Bits can only be accessed using the bit instructions and the direct addressing mode. 2. 6 summary The understanding on the elements of the systems involved for this project which are the active infrared, the motion detector, and the house security system is needed before proceed for the design and development process. This is important to ensure the project done according to the main idea of each part discuss in this chapter. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 IntroductionThere are several steps to be applied in designing an active infrared motion detector for house security system. The relevant information is gather through literature review from previous chapter. Data on motion detection and security system projects has been collected where the theoretical design is studied based on the motion detector for security concept. The understanding o n the electrical structure for the hardware development is needed for the design circuit process of the motion detector and the basic security circuit. The next is the hardware development according to the circuit designed.This process is just only being proceed if each part of the circuit being improved is valid, else, it will be repeated until it is valid as the theoretical. Once the hardware development circuits have the output as the expected, then, the parity for both hardware and theoretical abstract will be done. Next is the step where software structure is developed for the security system to be port with the hardware development. While the final step of this research is on applying the whole project to the real house entrance like doors and windows. 3. 2 The concept of motion detector for security system physical body 3. 1 Active infrared motion detectors learn 3. 2 shows the concept of an active infrared motion detector for a security system. In the active system each s ensor consists of two housings. The first housing contains an infrared-emitting diode and an infrared-sensitive phototransistor as the infrared detector. The other housing contains an infrared reflecting telescope to reflect the infrared signal. When positioned in front of an entrance to a protected area, the two housings establish an invisible beam. Figure 3. 2 The concept of infrared motion detector for security systemA person who enters the area will interrupts the beam causing an alarm to be triggered. For this type of motion detector uses the basic concept of the active infrared motion detector. An interruption in the signal modulated pulsating beam transmit by an infrared diode while receive by an infrared detector will set on or off the alarm of the security system. 3. 3 Hardware development Figure 3. 3 pack diagram for the house security system The hardware development is divided into three stages as shown in forget diagram above. The inputs stage of the security system is the motion detector circuit, keypad, and magnetic sensor.The second stage is the controller unit which is the microcontroller Intel 8051. The purpose of using microcontroller is to control the whole system operation by sending data to the output stage which is the LCD display, indicator, and buzzers. 3. 3. 1 Motion detector circuit In designing the infrared motion detector circuit, it is based on two basic principle of active infrared motion detector which is the infrared transmitter and infrared receiver as shown in Figure 3. 4. Figure 3. 4 Basic principle of infrared operation 3. 3. 2 Infrared transmitterFor the infrared transmitter which is also known as emitter circuit, it is on a basic design of timer 555 astable operation. The output of timer is connected to the infrared transmitter is used to produce pulse using an astable timer circuit. In astable circuit operation, pulse will continually generated until the power supplied through the circuit is removed. The astable circuit produces a continuous train of pulses at any frequency required. This means that the 555 timer can operate repeatedly it will switch on and off continually to generate data for the infrared transmission. . 3. 3 Infrared receiver The infrared receiver which is also known as infrared detector receives the data transmitted by the infrared transmitter circuit. It is a simple electronics device on detecting infrared signal. This infrared detector can be directly connected into the controller circuit to produce logic high 1 or low 0 from the output terminal thus activate or deactivate the controller system operation. The range of infrared detector components according to datasheet stated that the infrared detector can fully operates on detecting the infrared signal of 38 to 45 kHz. . 3. 4 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad The purpose of using 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad in the project is as an input where secure polity entries to activate of deactivate the security system operation. The keypad prov ides eight interface pins, where one pin for each row and column of the keypad matrix. This 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad is connected to the keypad encoder (MM74C922) to control the keypad bouncing in the hardware development. 3. 3. 5 Keypad encoder (MM74C922) The MM74C922 key encoders provide all the necessary logic to fully encode an order of 4 ? hexadecimal keypad. It is used to encode the data received from the keypad code entry thus convert into binary code. These binary code is in hexadecimal number is required in data bus of the microcontroller system. Figure 3. 5 Interaction between keypad, keypad encoder, and octal buffer The figure 3. 5 above shows the block diagram on the interaction between the 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad, keypad encoder (MM74C922), and the octal buffer (74LS244). The keypad is used as a switch to give logic configuration to the keypad encoder.While the encoder will encode the data configuration from the keypad into the binary code based on datasheet of the en coder. These binary codes will be stabilized using the octal buffer to be process in the microcontroller system. These data will be process by the microcontroller thus running the system operation based on software designed for the security system. 3. 3. 6 Octal buffer (74LS244) A buffer is alone a unity-gain amplifier, usually with very high input impedance and very low output impedance. It allows a connection of heavily loaded to another load which requires a lot of current like capacitive load.The octal buffer is used to isolate one device from another by eliminating loading effects. It provides a buffer between the two devices. The 74LS244 are octal buffers and line drivers designed to be employed as the memory address drivers, clock drivers, and bus-oriented transmitters/ receivers which provide improvement on the controller board density. 3. 3. 7 Microcontroller circuit (Intel 8051 expended mode) The controller systems that use to control the motion detector system and other electronic devices are the microcontroller Intel 8051 expended mode.In expended mode configuration, external ROM and RAM are used to add the data memory to be more than internal memory provided by the Intel manufacturer. The purpose of using an expended mode for the project is to expend more data available on developing and designing an excellent operation of the security system. Figure 3. 6 Intel 8051 block diagram The microcontroller Intel 8051 is a widely used on controlling devices and instruments due to its flexibility, existence of multiple producers. It consists of a simple architecture introduced by Intel in the category of 80s.It produced with 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, 2 timers, one serial port, and 8-bits wide of ports. This type of microcontroller become very popular after Intel allowed another manufacturer to make and market any flavor of the 8051, and still remains compatible with 8051. There are various versions of 8051 with different speeds and amo unt of the on-chip ROM which is valuable on controlling a system designed. 3. 4 Software development The software structure is using the assembly language where a set of program based on security system is assembled using ASM51 assembler.The 8051 Cross Assembler (ASM51) takes an assembly language source file created with a text editor and translates it into a machine language object file. This displacement process is done in two passes over the source file. During the first pass, the Cross Assembler builds a symbol table and labels that used in the source file. While the second pass of the Cross Assembler is actually translates the source file into the machine language object file. During the second pass, the listing file of the assembled is generated for the analysis purpose.A security program as shown in flow chart below were written in notepad based on 8051 instruction set before piece process to get the binary code. This binary code is then used to be load into the location of the memory thus operates the hardware developed. The flowchart as shown in Figure 3. 7 is a basic designed for the security system operation. In this security system, the security code is set as 1985 to activate or deactivate security system. When user closed the door, the system will activate where the magnetic switch and infrared is in active condition.To deactivate the system where opening door without alarm, user must enter the deactivation code. The chance to deactivate the system is once before keypad locked, where user can not enter the code anymore. If deactivation code was correct, green LED will on while alarm will off condition. System at this time is successfully deactivated and user can open the door without alarm. Figure 3. 7 Flow chart of software design for the security system If deactivation code enters was incorrect, system is still activate and for that, red LED and alarm will on where the system is in a warning mode.The system will grasp in this mode until the correct deactivation code entered. When the correct deactivation codes enter, the reconfirm code is needed where user need to reenter the correct deactivation code before the system successfully deactivate the green LED will on and the alarm will off condition. The reconfirm code is designed in the system to make more security for the system developed. If intruder open the magnetic switch without entered the correct security code, thus the alarm will on. User must enter the correct deactivation code to turn off the alarm system.The activation and deactivate code for this system are 1985 and the enter button codes are A for every codes entered. 3. 5 Summary There are three elements discussed in this chapter which are the concept of motion detector for security system, the hardware development, and the software designed for the security system. Each part of these elements is related to each other. The understanding of the concepts and methods on developing the project is very importan t to achieve the main objective for the whole project. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4. 1 IntroductionThis chapter will briefly discuss on the results and discussions of the hardware development. There are three major modules in developing the hardware structure which are the active infrared motion detector circuit, keypad module circuit, and the most important the controller circuit 4. 2 Motion detector circuit The hardware development of the active infrared motion detector system is divided into two parts, which are the infrared emitter circuit and the infrared detector component. 4. 2. 1 The emitter The emitter which also known as infrared transmitter circuit was build as shown in Figure 4. . A examine or the oscilloscope is attached to the infrared LED while the adjustable resistor is varied to calibrate the emitter to transmit 38 kHz square wave. The Figure 4. 1 shows the final configuration of the emitter circuit Figure 4. 1 The emitter circuit Figure 4. 2 shows the resul t obtained from the oscilloscope where the frequency generated by the emitter circuit is 38. 67 kHz square wave. At this generated frequency, the voltage maximum produced is 1. 60V and the peak to peak voltage is 1. 16V. Figure 4. 2 The 38 kHz frequency generated by the emitter circuit

Growth Monitoring Of Preterm Infants Health And Social Care Essay

Monitoring exploitation is of import in preterm babies as they argon at a in high spirits hap for postpartum development point of accumulation and impaired long term emergence and neurodevelopment. In the absence of better charts, intrauterine exploitation charts recommended by taking headmaster pediatric administrations move be utilise for oversight the ontogenesis of preterm babies. The purpose when caring for preterm babies is to at least fit the evolution bucket along from published beat come aside of the clo ring postpartum development charts and strive towards making beau ideal evolution speeds from intrauterine festering charts. The Fenton chart appears to be conform to for supervising growing of preterm babies during their delay in the neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) . Recently, Fenton charts shoot been updated utilizing the WHO 2006 charts for the 40-50 workweeks station construct eld group. Once a post-conception period of 40 hebdomad s is give-up the ghosted, the WHO 2006 growing charts can be used for supervising on-going growing. The on-going Intergrowth-21st brush up has the possible to get the better of the lacks of all current growing charts. It will enable the constitution of prescriptive growing charts for supervising the growing of preterm babies during and beyond their NICU stay into untimely childhood. C are should be taken to avoid inordinate gimmick up growing which is associated with change magnitude hazard of diabetes, high blood pressure, and fleshiness in ulterior life.Key pointsGrowth charts are indispensable for dei?ning health and nutritionary position and early(a) sensing and direction of growing upsets in babies and kids.Growth monitoring is particularly of import in preterm babies as they are at a high hazard for postpartum growing limitation and impaired long term growing and neurodevelopment.A prototype chart that represents the ideal rubicund growing of a population is normat ive whereas a extension service chart that describes the population without doing claims approximately the wellness of its take in is descriptive in nature.In the absence of ideal growing charts, intrauterine growing charts are considered suited for supervising the growing of preterm babies until they reach term.In the absence of ideal charts, the WHO 2006 growing charts may be used for supervising the growing of ex-preterm babies.The International Fetal and novelborn baby Growth Consortium canvas is designed to wreak forth a set of international criterions ( normative charts for foetal growing, redeem weight for gestational term and postpartum growing of preterm babies ) for clinical applications and supervising tendencies in populations.Perturbations in wellness and nutrition, irrespective of their aetiology, about ever affect growing ( 1 ) . Hence, growing assessment utilizing growing charts is a utile tool for dei?ning wellness and nutritionary position in kids ( 2 ) . Growth monitoring helps to better nutrition, educate the attention givers, and enables early sensing and referral for conditions manifested by growing upsets ( 3 ) . The most common measurings for measuring growing are weight, space/height, school principal allowance and organic structure cumulation index. Growth monitoring of preterm babies is even more of import because, as described below, many surveies have shown that ( a ) preterm babies suffer from postpartum growing limitation and ( B ) postnatal growing limitation is associated with long term inauspicious neurodevelopmental solutions.1. Preterm babies suffer from postpartum growing limitation1.1 In a retrospective longitudinal cohort survey, Horemuzova et Al ( Sweden ) evaluated the physical growing of all babies born before 26+0 hebdomads of gestation and lasting to full-term climb on ( n=162 ) , admitted to the NICU of Karolinska infirmary betwixt January 1990 and December 2002 ( 4 ) . Body weight was recorded daily, school principal perimeter ( HC ) hebdomadally and length twice a month. The bulk of the babies showed a tag postpartum growing limitation for all growing variables with increasing divergence from the mention with time. At discharge from NICU, 75 % of those initially appropriate for gestational age ( AGA ) babies were below -2 standard divergence tonss for at least one of the organic structure size variables ( 4 ) .1.2 In a retrospective cohort survey ( 5 ) , 101 kids with a BW a 750g, born between 1996 and 2005 in the University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands, were followed until 5.5 sometime(a) ages. Height, weight, occipital-frontal perimeter at birth, 15 months and 2 disused ages improveed age and 3.5 and 5.5 old ages were measured. Between birth and 5.5 old ages catch-up growing in tallness, weight for tallness, weight and OFC was seen in 72.2 % , 55.2 % , 28.6 % and 68.9 % severally of the little for gestational age ( SGA ) babies. For AGA babies they found s ignificant catch-down growing in tallness ( 15.4 % ) and weight ( 33.8 % ) .2. Physical growing and neurodevelopmental issuings in preterm babies2.1. Association between postpartum growing during NICU stay and neurodevelopmental results1. Ehrenkranz et Al. ( USA, 2006 ) ( 6 ) assessed the prognostic value of in-hospital growing speed on neurodevelopmental and growing results at 18-22 months post-conceptional age among highly low birth weight ( ELBW ) babies ( 501-1000 g ) . Of the 600 carry out babies, 495 ( 83 % ) were evaluated at a corrected age ( CA ) of 18-22 months. As the rate of weight sum total increased from 12.0 to 21.2 g/kg per twenty-four hours, there was diminish in the incidence of intellectual paralysis, Mental Developmental Index ( MDI ) & lt 70 and Psychomotor Developmental Index ( PDI ) & lt 70 on Bayley Scale of baby Development ( BSID ) , unnatural neurologic exam, neurodevelopmental damage, and need for rehospitalisation. Similar i?ndings were observed in relation to the rate of caput perimeter growing. They think that the growing speed during an ELBW baby s NICU hospitalization exerts a signii?cant and perchance independent consequence on neurodevelopmental and growing results at 18-22 months of CA.2. Franz ( Germany, 2009 ) ( 7 ) et al evaluated the neurological results of a sum of 219 of 263 ( 83 % ) long-run subsisters at a average corrected age of 5.4 old ages. Increasing SD tonss for weight and caput perimeter from birth to dispatch were associated with a reduced hazard for an unnatural neurologic scrutiny.3. Shah et Al ( 8 ) ( Canada, 2006 ) aimed to place step of postpartum growing nonstarter associated with long-run result in preterm babies born at & lt 28 hebdomads gestation. Four steps of specifying postpartum growing mischance at 36 hebdomads corrected gestational age ( 1 ) weight & lt 10th centile, ( 2 ) weight & lt 3rd centile, ( 3 ) omega mark divagation from birth & gt 1 and, ( 4 ) omega mark difference fr om birth & gt 2 were compared for their prognostic values and strength of association with inauspicious neurodevelopmental results at 18-24 months.Postnatal growing failure defined as a lessening in omega mark of & gt 2 between birth and 36 hebdomads corrected gestational age had the best prognostic values compared to other postpartum growing failure steps. However, it was importantly associated with PDI ( p=0.006 ) but non with MDI ( p=0.379 ) . Postnatal growing failure defined by omega mark alteration influenced psychomotor but non mental undertakings in this cohort.2.2. Association between post-discharge growing and neurodevelopmental results in preterm babies1 ) Ramel et Al ( USA, 2012 ) ( 9 ) reported that pre- and post-discharge additive growing suppression in really low birth weight ( VLBW Birth weight & lt 1500g ) babies was negatively associated with developmental results at 24 months CA. In their retrospective survey, weight, accumbent length and caput perimeter were recorded at birth, infirmary discharge and at 4, 12 and 24 months CA in 62 VLBW babies. Standardized Z-scores for weight ( WZ ) , length ( LZ ) and caput perimeter ( HCZ ) were mensurable. Twenty-four-month neurodevelopmental map was analysed as a map of growing position. dominationing for WZ and HCZ at each age, lower LZ at 4 and 12 months CA was associated with lower cognitive map tonss at 24 months CA ( p a 0.03 ) .2 ) Ghods et Al ( 10 ) ( Austria, 2011 ) conducted a retrospective cohort survey to make up ones mind whether caput perimeter ( HC ) catch-up is associated with improved neurocognitive development. 179 preterm really low birth weight ( VLBW ) ( Birth weight a1500 g ) babies were followed to the age of 5.5 old ages. The association between HC catch-up and neurodevelopmental result was assessed and perinatal hazard factors, infant features and nutritionary patterns associated with HC catch-up were determined. HC catch-up occurred in 59 ( 34 % ) babies and was positive ly correlated with neurodevelopmental result. They concluded that among preterm VLBW babies, there is a close relation between HC growing and neurodevelopmental result.3 ) Powers et Al ( 11 ) ( USA, 2008 ) assessed the post-discharge growing and developmental advancement of 135 VLBW preterm babies in a preponderantly Latino population and reported that failure to break and microcephaly increased neurodevelopmental damage hazard at 3 old ages of age regardless of gestational age.4 ) Kan et Al ( Australia, 2008 ) ( 12 ) aimed to find the associations between weight and caput perimeter, at birth and postnatally, with cognitive, academic and motor results at age 8 old ages for really preterm kids free of neurosensory damage. 179 really preterm babies ( gestational age & lt 28 hebdomads ) born in 1991 and 1992 who were free of neurosensory damage were included in the survey. At 8 old ages of age kids had cognitive, academic and motor appraisals. lading and caput perimeter informations were collected at birth, at the enclothe of discharge ( weight merely ) , at 2 old ages of age and at 8 old ages of age, and growing limitation was calculated utilizing Z-scores ( standard divergence tonss ) relative to the expected mean for age utilizing the British 1990 growing mention charts ( 13 ) . incubus at any age was largely unrelated to any results. While caput perimeter at birth was non related to school- immemorial results, smaller caput perimeters at ages 2 and 8 old ages were associated with poorer public presentation in most outcome steps. Catch-up growing in weight in early childhood was non associated with 8-year results.5 ) Latal-Hajnal ( Switzerland, 2003 ) ( 14 ) studied the significance of growing position at birth and postpartum growing on neurodevelopmental result in VLBW babies. Growth and neurodevelopment were examined in 219 VLBW ( & lt 1250 g ) kids, 94 little for gestational age ( SGA ) ( & lt 10th percentile ) and 125 appropriate for gestational age ( AGA ) ( & gt 10th percentile ) . Result at age 2 was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development MDI, PDI and a standardised neurologic scrutiny. After accommodation for carbon monoxide variables including intellectual paralysis ( CP ) , SGA kids with weight & lt 10th percentile at age 2 had lower mean PDI than SGA kids with catch-up growing to burden & gt 10th percentile ( average SD , 89.9 17.4 versus 101.8 14.5 p & lt .001 ) . AGA kids with catch-down growing ( weight & lt 10th percentile at age 2 ) were, independent of CP, more credibly to save lower mean MDI ( 94.9 V 101.7, p=.05 ) and PDI ( 81.9 vs 95.1 P & lt .001 ) than AGA kids staying & gt 10th percentile at age 2. They besides more often had terrible CP ( 22.9 % vs 1.2 % p=.008 ) . They concluded that in VLBW kids, the class of postpartum growing instead than the rightness of weight for gestational age at birth determines later neurodevelopmental result.6 ) Casey et Al ( USA, 2006 ) ( 15 ) a ssessed the 8-year growing, cognitive, behavioral position, wellness position, and academic accomplishment in low birth weight preterm babies who had failure to boom merely, were SGA merely, had failure to thrive plus were SGA, or had normal growing. A sum of 985 babies received standardised ratings to age 8 180 babies met the standards for failure to boom between 4 and 36 months gestational corrected age. The undermentioned result variables were collected at age 8 growing, cognitive, behavioral position, wellness position, and academic accomplishment. multivariate analyses were performed among the 4 growing groups on all 8-year result variables. Children who both(prenominal) were SGA and had failure to boom were the smallest in all growing variables at age 8, and they besides present the lowest cognitive and academic accomplishment tonss. The kids with failure to boom merely were significantly smaller than the kids with normal growing in all growing variables and had significa ntly lower IQ tonss. Those who were SGA merely did non differ from those with normal growing in any cognitive or academic accomplishment steps. There were no differences among the 4 groups in behavioral position or general wellness position. They concluded that low birth weight preterm babies who develop postpartum growing jobs, peculiarly when associated with antenatal growing jobs, show lower physical size, cognitive tonss, and academic accomplishment at age 8 old ages.3. Types of growing chartsA standard chart represents the ideal healthy growing of a population and hence is of normative nature. To deduce much(prenominal) ideal healthy growing charts, the survey population should be from a cohort of babies born to healthy female parents with unsophisticated gestation and bringing. In add-on, the survey babies should be embossed under optimum environmental conditions including breastfeeding, immunizations and follow recommended dietetic patterns. The survey babies should be f ree from any disease that could impede growing. Longitudinal follow up and measuring of anthropometry of such babies will assist deduce the standard growing charts which will be of normative nature. The WHO 2006 growing charts ( term babies ) are standard growing charts.In contrast, a reference chart describes the population without doing claims about the wellness of its sampling and hence is descriptive in nature ( 16-18 ) ( Table 1 ) . The reference charts are derived by mensurating the anthropometry of a sample of babies and kids at diverse ages and plotting them on graph. The sample is therefore cross-sectional instead than longitudinal. In add-on, wellness of the kids in the survey population is non taken into consideration. Majority of the short available growing charts in full term babies and kids are mention charts .4. Types of growing charts presently available for preterm babies during stay in the neonatal unit.4.1. Standard chartsAt present, there are no normative c riterion growing charts available for preterm babies. Theoretically talking, babies born prematurely should go on to turn at intrauterine rates until they reach term. The American Academy of Pediatrics ( 17 ) and Canadian Pediatric society ( 18 ) recommend intra uterine growing rates as the ideal growing of preterm babies.4.1.1. Considered creation, but non truly intra uterine growing charts ( Table 2 )There are more than 25 surveies describing on intrauterine growing charts . These have been best summarized by Karna et Al ( 19 ) .Until late, Lubchenko ( 1963 ) ( 20 ) and Babson/Benda ( 1976 ) ( 21 ) charts were normally used in many neonatal units around the universe. Fenton et Al ( 22 ) updated the Babson and Benda growing charts to develop contemporary intrauterine growing charts . Using predetermined standards, three recent big population based studies of birth weight for gestational age were identified. The Canadian survey by Kramer ( 23 ) which had a sample size of 676,60 5 babies delivered between 22 to 43 hebdomads was used for updating the intrauterine weight subdivision. Two big surveies from Sweden ( 24 ) and Australia ( 25 ) were used to update the intrauterine caput perimeter and length subdivision. The informations were averaged together utilizing a leaden norm based on entire sample size to deduce the 3rd, 10th, 50th, 95th and 97th percentiles and make one growing chart. CDC 2000 growing charts were used to bring forth the growing charts from corrected gestation of 40 hebdomads ahead. The Fenton chart appears to be utile in supervising the growing of preterm babies during their NICU stay. It is used by many North American, European and Australian Centres. Recently Olsen et Als have published growing charts for New intrauterine growing charts based on United States informations ( 26 ) and it will be utile if Fenton charts are updated integrating this new information from USA. The latest updated Fenton charts have used WHO 2006 growing charts alternatively of CDC 2000 charts to bring forth growing charts from post-conceptional age of 40 hebdomads until 10 hebdomads post term ( ad hominem communicating with Tanis Fenton ) .Built-in issues with intrauterine growing charts Even though they are called intrauterine charts, they are in fact cross sectional informations derived from anthropometry measured at birth on preterm babies delivered at assort gestations. It is good known that foetuss delivered prematurely may non hold reached full growing possible due assorted agnate/fetal morbidities and therefore make non reflect the ideal growing. Besides, these charts do non take into consideration, the normal 5-8 % weight loss that occurs in healthy preterm babies in the premier hebdomad of life.4.1.2 Fetal growing charts ( Table 2 )Strictly talking, merely charts derived from longitudinal surveies should be called growing charts, growing being a procedure extended over clip ( 27 ) . Hence it may look logical that ideal i ntrauterine growing charts should be derived from consecutive and longitudinal appraisal of physical parametric quantities of weight, length and caput perimeter utilizing foetal sonography technique ( 28 ) . However, the drawback of this method is that foetal ultrasound is non really accurate in foretelling the foetal weight. A systematic reappraisal which analysed informations from 58 articles over 28 old ages found broad variableness in diagnostic truth of ultrasound scrutiny in foretelling the foetal weight. Overall merely 62 % ( 8895/14,384 ) of the sonographic anticipations were within 10 % of the existent weight. The truth was affected significantly by the clip interval between scrutiny and bringing, individual making the echography ( registered diagnostic medical sonographers had better truth than doctors or occupants ) , and the gestation at appraisal ( assessment closer to term were more accurate compared to preterm patients ) ( 29 ) .Another systematic reappraisal came t o similar decisions. The referees searched four of import databases ( MEDLINE, EMBASE, ZETOC, and The Cochrane Library ) . Studies including the appraisal of foetal weight by 11 diametrical research groups utilizing different expressions were included in the reappraisal. No preferable method for the ultrasound appraisal of foetal weight emerged from their reappraisal. They found that the size of the random mistakes was quite a broad, with 95 % assurance intervals transcending 14 % of birth weight in all surveies. They concluded that the truth of EFW utilizing foetal ultrasound is compromised by big intra- and inter-observer variableness and attempts moldiness be made to understate this variableness if EFW is to be clinically utile ( 30 ) . In add-on, maternal morbidities can ensue in foetal growing limitation, which in bend can ensue in non- ideal growing charts. In position of such restrictions, foetal weight charts derived from the presently available ultrasound engineering may non be appropriate for usage as ideal postpartum growing of preterm babies. In position of such restrictions, foetal weight curves derived from the presently available ultrasound engineering are non appropriate for usage as ideal postpartum growing of preterm babies. However, recent progresss in engineering have resulted in more frequent usage of 3-D ultrasound for foetal biometrics measurings. Chan et Al. ( 2009 ) in a prospective survey compared the inter- and intra-observer fluctuation of foetal biometric measurings using planar ( 2D ) and 3-dimensional ( 3D ) ultrasound imagination ( 31 ) . Three braces of physicians trained in echography evaluated adeptton gestations in the mid-trimester. Measurements of the biparietal diameter ( BPD ) , head perimeter ( HC ) , abdominal perimeter ( AC ) , and femur length ( FL ) were taken in extra by each physician utilizing 2D imagination and so once more utilizing 3D volume informations sets. Each set of mated physicians evaluated 12 pati ents. Inter- and intra-observer fluctuations were calculated as the SD of the difference between paired measurings performed by the physician braces and by the single physicians, severally. Bland-Altman secret plans were used to visually compare measurement prejudice and understanding by 2D and 3D methods. The intra-observer fluctuation of HC, AC, and FL was significantly lower for 3D compared with 2D ultrasound. Inter-observer fluctuation was non significantly different when measured with 2D and 3D ultrasound, with the exclusion of FL, which was lower when measured with 3D ultrasound. They concluded that the usage of 3D ultrasound significantly reduces intra-observer fluctuation for HC, AC, and FL and reduces inter-observer fluctuation for FL ( 31 ) . Schild et Al. ( 2008 ) in a prospective cohort survey, obtained biometric informations of 150 singleton foetuss weighing a1600 g at birth by sonographic scrutiny within 1 hebdomad before bringing ( 32 ) . Exclusion standards were mult iple gestation, intrauterine decease every bit good as major structural or chromosomal anomalousnesss. Their new expression was compared with presently available equations for gauging weight in the preterm foetuss. They concluded that in foetuss weighing a1600 g at birth, the new expression utilizing 3D ultrasound is superior to burden appraisal by traditional expression utilizing 2D measurings ( 32 ) . These informations indicate that 3D echography may hold the possible to be a more accurate step of foetal anthropometry than the traditional 2D ultrasounds. If these preliminary promising findings are proved correct in multiple big surveies, intrauterine growing curves derived from such method may hold the possible to be used as ideal growing curves for supervising preterm babies after birth.4.2 Postnatal reference Growth charts ( Table 2 )Many mention charts that describe the existent longitudinal growing of preterm babies during the class of their stay in the NICU have been publi shed ( 33, 34 ) . If these mention charts are used to supervise the on-going growing of preterm babies, extra-uterine growing deceleration would be considered as normal. Hence they are non ideal for supervising the growing of preterm babies. However, these charts give an thought of what can be achieved with the available resources and bounds set by the morbidities of prematureness and can be used to compare the growing of preterm babies between different units.5. A note of cautiousness while taking to accomplish the perfect intrauterine growing ratesEven though the intra uterine growing charts may look idealistic ends, one needs to make up ones mind if it is truly executable and safe to achieve those parametric quantities. all efforts to advance physical growing by aggressive enteric and parenteral nutrition may potentially harm the ill preterm baby. Rapid additions in enteric eating are known hazard factor for necrotising enterocolitis ( NEC ) ( 35 ) . In ELBW babies, higher fluid consumption and less weight loss during the first off 10 yearss of life are associated with an increased hazard of decease and BPD ( 36, 37 ) . In add-on inordinate gimmick up growing in early neonatal period for may ensue in inauspicious cardiovascular results later in life. Finken et Al ( 38 ) and Euser et Al ( 39 ) found that in topics born really preterm, speedy babyhood weight addition until 3 months was associated with tendency towards higher insulin degrees at 19 old ages. They besides concluded that rapid weight addition in both babyhood and early childhood is a hazard factor for grownup adiposeness and fleshiness. Similar concerns have been raised by other research workers ( 40, 41 ) .6. Growth charts to supervise preterm babies from post-conception age of 40 hebdomads into early childhoodUntil late, many states used the growing charts released by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC 2000 ) for supervising the growing of term babies and kids. The same charts a re normally used for ongoing growing monitoring of preterm babies after making station abstract age of 40 hebdomads. The built-in job with the CDC 2000 and similar charts is that they are reference charts, which merely describe the sample population without doing any claims about the wellness of the sample. Because of assorted environmental and lifestyle influences, the prevalence of corpulence in kids and striplings has increased markedly over the past few decennaries. Hence, any new mention charts, which are derived from such population of fleshy kids, would accept these abnormally high weights-for-age as normal ( 42, 43 ) . Use of such charts would besides ensue in more kids being wrongly and often diagnosed as scraggy ensuing in unneeded nutritionary supplementation and may lend to fleshiness and associated morbidities.To some extent, the CDC 2000 growing charts turn to this by excepting the informations derived from the National health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHA NES ) III for kids 6 old ages of age for weight-for-age and organic structure mass index ( BMI ) for-age charts. This was carried out because they had identified that compared with the NHANES II ( 1976-1980 ) , the NHANES III ( 1988-1994 ) kids were of higher weight-for-age ( 44 ) . Despite this accommodation, the 97th and the 99.9th percentile charts ( +2 and +3 z-scores ) are located really high on the CDC weight-for-age and BMI-for-age charts, intending that few corpulence and corpulent kids and striplings are identified as such because the norms have been raised. The lower centiles have besides been shifted upwards, taking to overestimate of under nutrition, and therefore advice taking to overfeeding ( 45 ) besides, safeguards that were taken by the CDC can non be confidently expected from countless figure of reference charts which are being published on a regular basis from different states all over the universe.To get the better of the jobs built-in with reference charts, with a complete alteration in doctrine, the ball Health Organization ( WHO ) conducted the Multicentre Growth Reference Study ( MGRS ) in order to set up the standard growing charts for kids between 0 and 6 old ages ( 46 ) . The MGRS was conducted between 1997 and 2003 in 6 states from diverse geographical parts Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the United States. The survey combined a longitudinal followup of 882 babies from birth to 24 months with a cross-sectional constituent of 6669 kids aged 18-71 months. The survey populations lived in socioeconomic conditions favorable to growing. The single inclusion standards for the longitudinal constituent were no known wellness or environmental restraints to growing, female parents willing to follow MGRS feeding recommendations ( i.e. sole or prevailing breastfeeding for at least 4 months, debut of complementary nutrients by 6 months of age and continued suckling to at least 12 months of age ) , no maternal smoke before and after bringing, single-term birth and absence of important morbidity. The eligibility standard for the cross-sectional constituent were the same as those for the longitudinal constituent with the exclusion of infant eating patterns. A lower limit of 3 months of any breastfeeding was required for participants in the survey s cross-sectional constituent. Weight-for-age, length/height-for-age, weight-for-length/height and body mass index-for-age percentile and Z-score values were generated for male childs and misss aged 0-60 months. The pooled sample from the 6 take parting states allowed the development of a truly international mention. The criterions explicitly identify suckling as the biological norm and set up the breastfed kid as the normative theoretical account for growing and development. They besides demonstrate that healthy kids from around the universe who are raised in healthy environments and follow recommended eating patterns have strikingly similar forms of growing. In add-on , to set up standard normative charts for older kids and striplings, the WHO reconstructed the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics ( NCHS ) /WHO growing mention utilizing state-of-the-art statistical methods. The 1977 growing mentions were used because they were from a population prior to the happening of the current epidemic of childhood fleshiness. These new charts were released by the WHO in 2007 for general usage ( 47 ) . These charts are recommendations for how kids should turn. More than 125 states including UK, USA, Canada and New Zealand have started utilizing the WHO growing charts for full term babies ( 48 ) .The full set of tabular arraies and charts are available on the WHO website ( www.who.int/childgrowth/en ) together with tools such as package and preparation stuffs.Since their publication, many surveies have shown the utility of WHO growing charts in foretelling fleshiness and other cardiovascular morbidities.De Onis et Al ( 49 ) examined the association bet ween cardiovascular hazard and childhood corpulence and fleshiness utilizing the BMI cut-offs recommended by the WHO. Children were class as normal weight, corpulence and corpulent harmonizing to the WHO BMI-for-age mention. Blood force per unit area, lipoids, glucose, insulin, homeostasis theoretical account assessment-insulin opposition ( HOMA-IR ) and uric acid degrees were compared across BMI groups. The topics were kids ( n 149 ) aged 8-18 old ages. About 37 % , 22 % and 41 % of kids were classified severally as normal weight, corpulence and corpulent. Corpulent kids were 10A6 times more likely than normal-weight kids to hold high blood pressure OR for other associations were 60A2 ( high insulin ) , 39A5 ( HOMA-IR ) , 27A9 ( TAG ) , 16A0 ( low HDL-cholesterol ) , 4A3 ( LDL-cholesterol ) and 3A6 ( uric acid ) . Fleshy kids were more likely than normal-weight kids to hold high blood pressure ( OR = 3A5 ) , high insulin ( OR = 28A2 ) , high HOMA-IR ( OR = 23A3 ) and high TAG ( O R = 16A1 ) . About 92 % and 57 % of the corpulent and fleshy kids, severally, had one or more hazard factor. They concluded that fleshiness and corpulence defined utilizing the WHO BMI-for-age cut-offs identified kids with higher metabolic and vascular hazard.Shields et Al ( 50 ) compared prevalence estimations of extra weight among Canadian kids and puppyish person harmonizing to three sets of organic structure mass index ( BMI ) mention cut-points. The cut-points were based on growing curves generated by the WHO, the International Obesity Task top executive ( IOTF ) , and the CDC ( USA ) . Prevalence estimations of corpulence and fleshiness were produced for 2- to 17-year-olds utilizing the three sets of BMI cut-points. Estimates were based on informations from 8661 respondents from the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey and 1840 respondents from the 1978/79 Canada Health Survey. In both studies, the tallness and weight of kids were measured. They found that 2004 prevalence e stimation for the combined overweight/obese class was higher ( 35 % ) when based on the WHO cut-points compared with the IOTF ( 26 % ) or CDC ( 28 % ) cut-points. Estimates of the prevalence of fleshiness were similar based on WHO and CDC cut-points ( 13 % ) , but lower when based on IOTF cut-points ( 8 % ) . In the absence of other ideal growing charts, it is appropriate to utilize the WHO growing charts to supervise the on-going growing of preterm babies after making post-conceptional age of 40 hebdomads.6.1 Evidence back uping the usage of WHO 2006 growing charts for supervising preterm babies after discharge ( Table 3 ) Nash et Al ( 51 ) aimed to find whether the form of growing of really low birth weight ( VLBW ) babies during the first 2 old ages, assessed utilizing the WHO-GS or the traditional Centers for Disease Control and Prevention mention growing charts ( CDC-RGC ) , is associated with neurodevelopment ( 51 ) . Pattern of weight, length, and caput perimeter addition of appropriate-for-gestation VLBW preterm babies ( n = 289 ) from birth to 18-24 months corrected age was classified, utilizing the WHO-GS and CDC-RGC, as sustained ( alteration in Z-score a1 SD ) , decelerated ( diminution & gt 1 SD ) , or accelerated ( incline & gt 1 SD ) . Development was assessed utilizing the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development ( BSID ) -III at 18-24 months corrected age. Using the WHO-GS, kids with a decelerated form of weight addition had lower cognitive ( 10 points ) , lingual communication ( 6 points ) , and motor ( 4 points ) tonss than babies with sustained weight addition ( p & lt 0.05 ) , even after accommodation for morbidities. No association was found utilizing the CDC-RGC. They concluded that a decelerated form of weight addition, determined with the WHO-GS, but non the CDC-GRC, is associated with poorer neurodevelopment tonss on the BSID-III than a form of sustained growing ( 51 ) .Belfort et Al ( 52 ) aimed to place nociceptive perio ds of postpartum growing for preterm babies relative to neurodevelopment at 18 months corrected age. They studied 613 babies born at & lt 33 hebdomads gestation who participated in the DHA for Improvement of Neurodevelopmental Outcome ( DINO ) test. They calculated additive inclines of growing in weight, length, BMI, and caput perimeter from 1 hebdomad of age to term ( 40 hebdomads postmenstrual age ) , term to 4 months, and 4 to 12 months utilizing the WHO growing charts, and estimated their associations with Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd Edition, MDI and PDI in additive arrested development. The average gestational age was 30 hebdomads. Mean A SD MDI was 94 A 16, and PDI was 93 A 16. From 1 hebdomad to term, greater weight addition ( 2.4 MDI points per omega mark 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) 0.8-3.9 2.7 PDI points 95 % CI 1.2-.2 ) , BMI addition ( 1.7 MDI points 95 % CI 0.4-3.1 2.5 PDI points 95 % CI 1.2-3.9 ) , and caput growing ( 1.4 MDI points 95 % CI -0.0-2.8 2.5 PDI points 95 % CI 1.2-3.9 ) were associated with higher tonss. From term to 4 months, greater weight addition ( 1.7 points 95 % CI 0.2-3.1 ) and additive growing ( 2.0 points 95 % CI 0.7-3.2 ) were associated with higher PDI. From 4 to 12 months, none of the growing steps was associated with MDI or PDI mark. They concluded that in preterm babies, greater weight and BMI addition to term were associated with better neurodevelopmental results. After term, greater weight addition was besides associated with better results, but increasing weight out of proportion to length did non confabulate extra benefit.7. Future researchAs discussed above, neither intrauterine growing charts nor foetal growing charts nor postpartum growing charts are suited for supervising the growing of preterm babies till they become term. Similarly, CDC 2000 and WHO 2006 growing charts are besides non ideal for supervising the growing of ex-preterm babies.In order to set up normative growing charts, the Inter Growth 21st survey has been commenced by the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium ( 53, 54 ) . The end is to develop new normative criterions depicting normal foetal and preterm neonatal growing over clip and newborn nutritionary position, and to associate these to neonatal wellness hazard.The primary aim is to bring forth a set of international Fetal and Newborn Growth Standards ( foetal growing, birth weight for gestational age and postpartum growing of preterm babies ) for hardheaded applications in clinical usage and for supervising tendencies in populations.The survey aims to enroll 4500 healthy adult females aged 18-35, who had regular catamenial rhythms and conceived spontaneously and do non hold major wellness issues and pattern healthy life styles. Study participant adult females are being recruited from 9 states across five continents. They undergo 6 scans in add-on to the initial dating scans. They are scheduled at 5 hebdomadal i ntervals 14-18 hebdomads, 19-23 hebdomads, 24-28 hebdomads, 29-33weeks, 34-38 hebdomads and 39-42 hebdomads. Apart from the extra scans, they receive the standardised antenatal attention. found on expected 9 % rate of prematureness, it is expected that around 360 babies would be born to these female parents ( 26-37 hebdomads gestation ) . Their longitudinal growing will be monitored for 8 months. This would include mensurating weight, length and caput perimeter every 2 hebdomads for the first eight hebdomads and so monthly until eight months after birth. Those enduring from decease or serious morbidities of prematureness such as NEC will be excluded. This will analyze will enable the derivation of normative intrauterine growing charts every bit good as postpartum growing charts from a diverse population across five continents.

Mission Statement Essay

Mission StatementThe mission statement of WRSXs Group is to help their clients developing their strength and brand images via creative advertisement and marketing activities. Also, they focus on building their business strategy to keep the cost in line with intentness averages as well as growth in market share, profitability and returns for shareholders. Their mission statement is quite interesting and attractive for orbiculate clients. The conjunction legal transfer their mission by using industry sector and business unit specialisations, which mainly contributes the independence of business units that will besides contributes on their service to global clients. Furthermore, in order to make their mission accomplishable, WRSX had expanded their offices to different cities are Paris, New York, London and Singapore.Therefore, keep this mission statement will be a smart choice for them in order to keep the organization maintain and increase the market share. Since the WRSX Group attracts the global clients, they can expand their range of products and services to potential locations and new industry sectors. On the other hand, they can still focusing on taking care of their existing customers. Also, this mission statement has been care them succeed than the others, which made their reputation is no longer an advertising agency but becomes more into marketing communications group in these sectors automotive and transport, health and pharmaceuticals, telecoms, personal care, beauty and fragrances, public sector and charities. Structure and Key Management PersonnelThe strategy of WRSX is putting a heavy demand on their focal point abilities. Therefore, they should try matrix structure because it costs less but still using the human resources effectively, where leaders need to know how to attract, retain and develop the unclutter performers, in order to meet production and business situation more volatile. Besides, matrix structure can help leaders control t heir employees easier with day-to-day constitution to product manager, where it contains their flow of skills and information of running or managing product development processes. The matrix structure works horizontally where each manager has different usable disciplines, yet still need to report to the head of department, who authority vertically downwards. Therefore, the company will have multiple command also controlstructure.Moreover, the company should also invest on Strategic Leadership Capability since its performance is below the industry average. It will provide this department with more effective resources and abilities in leading capability as well as human resource management. The following benefits of investing on Strategic Leadership Capability are maneuver the organization through complexity vision as well as lead and unite workgroups across divisions to reach the achievement of their mission statement. Also, it will be able to manage of both internal and external risks in order to retain high quality personnel. Lastly, WRSX should address the bottleneck in the Procurement and supplier Management. The causes of this problem are the way of managing production acquire and the way of building relationships with suppliers, which led WRSX in failing to use their Group buying power that is buying media for clients. Also, WRSX had failed in applying economies of scale to their group that is the most effective used in strategic management and financial management, which focusing on increase profit also labour productivity, the cost of using the strategic decisions and executive producer as well as competitive environment.

When the Leeves Broke

Cruz 1 Carolina Cruz Professor Gwaltney English 1102 March 14, 2013 When the Levees stony-broke A Rhetorical Analysis It is approximately impossible to imagine that 1 day you can be safe in your home and with all of your belongings and the next day a hurricane leaves you with nothing. Unfortunately, the 484,000 state who lived in novel Orleans had to experience those unimaginable thoughts first give-up the ghost in 2005 due to Hurricane Katrina. An entire city was nearly wiped finish up the face of the land (Kellogg) and at least 1,833 mickle were killed during and after the storm.There are many theories and conspiracies of what happened with the levees and what could have been done better in order to service the residents of New Orleans. Director plait lee side felt very strongly astir(predicate) the issue and decided to remove a documentary film in order to give the people of New Orleans justice. By directing When the Levees Broke, Spike Lee gives the audience his pe rsonal view on the entire situation dealing with Hurricane Katrina and her aftermath. With his use of video modify and choice of accepted interviews, Lee gave not only emotional credibility to his movie yet also a logical point of view.The main logical disceptation of the documentary was to rationalize the series of events that occurred during and following the storm, while also getting the inside point of views of some of the Hurricane Katrina victims. Another argument Spike Lee was essay to suck Cruz 2 was that there was a lot much to the disaster than just the storm. I do regard that Lee did a good personal credit line in getting his point across in his documentary but I do not believe it was a very strong argument. The argument is not very convincing because not everyones view was included in the film.It seems that Spike Lee was very slanting while reservation the documentary and had no problem with expressing it in his film. Though I do somewhat agree with Lees poin t of view, I do not believe that it was a very well rounded argument. In his documentary, Lee confronts the underlying problems that occurred at the time of the hurricane such as racial, ethnic and political issues. By adding so much information ab out(a) what was actually occurring during Hurricane Katrina in his film, Lee made a very well put together documentary.Lees purpose of making the film was to give the victims their chance to speak out and to show how the poor and underprivileged of New Orleans were mistreated in this grand calamity and lull ignored today (Chisholm). Lee is a very passionate and outspoken man and he conveyed his message in a way where the victims had the upper hand and could speak on the real issues. Had Spike Lee not been so biased, I think both his argument and documentary could have been excellent. Spike Lee used the Aristotelian appeal of pathos the most throughout his documentary in order to catch the audiences attention.The way he incorporates cert ain cultural music and photos of the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina make the audience more inclined to pay attention. The collection of photographs Lee features in his film not only let us see what was happening during Hurricane Katrina, they also add texture and even further weight to these stories (Kellogg). He does this on purpose in order to make the audience feel sympathy towards all the people who were interviewed as well as those Cruz 3 who passed away due to Hurricane Katrina.The best way Lee unplowed the attention of the audience was by allowing the people who lived through the disaster to tell their stories (Kellogg). The viewer is more likely to pay attention if they are stimulated emotionally and that is what Spike Lee aimed for. He also shows the audience how the evacuation process separated parents from children as people were loaded onto buses, by doing this, the audience gets a more in depth view of the disaster and is more likely to feel sad and watch the documentar y more.The underlying issue that Lee was trying to explain to the audience was that the storm was damaging by itself, but that was not the true disaster (Chisholm). Some critics do not believe that Spike Lee was meant to make this film because he did not capture everyones point of view. This film is supposed to be about just the victims opinion on what they thought about the situation dealing with the government and Hurricane Katrina. I think he was well fit for the job because Lees films have looked unflinchingly at some of the most polarizing subjects (Jacobs) nd it was no shock that he made this documentary about Hurricane Katrina. There were many criticisms about the documentary such as it did not necessarily discuss all of the people of New Orleans and it gave us a bad view of the government. Lee had his own conspiracy on how the levees were blown up as opposed to just being ruined by the hurricane. Lees film was also criticized because it suggested that the explosion assured that the poor neighborhoods be shamed and not the rich developments further down (Jacobs) and that did not take well with the conservative circles.Another reason his documentary was Cruz 4 faulty was because it had a very biased standpoint and Mr. Lees documentary boils with anger and a degree of paranoia (Holden). The three main topics this documentary touched on were those such as politics, cultural issues and racial issues. There were many complaints within the movie about the government from the victims of Hurricane Katrina. The people of New Orleans were outraged by the tardy response of the shrub administration to the crisis (Jacobs).A large portion of the documentary focused on the lack of booster from the government, it explained how a few government officials took longer than normal to help with the disaster in New Orleans. The fact that bodies were still being found after F. E. M. A supposedly searched all the houses was a big concern for the people. F. E. M. A had not been giving the victims the proper care they needed for the amount of time that they had left and that was a very exalted concern to the people who desperately needed help from F.E. M. A. George Bush and Dick Chaney were also spoken upon in a bad manner as well because they had more important things to do rather than help the dying people of their own country. Just like most of his other films, Spike Lee made his documentary mostly about race. At one point in the movie it explains how the disaster started the racist, vigilante atmosphere which gave cops and soldiers carte blanche to shoot on sight looters (Onesto) and how they were not afraid to follow through with orders.The bulk of the people Lee interviewed were poor and black and were treated very poorly. In this film, Lee insinuates that the victims are being treated like slaves and separated from their families. He expresses the right of how the institutions of white supremacy and the ideas of racism are woven into the very workings of this system of U. S. capitalism (Onesto). Culture is a big deal in Cruz 5 New Orleans the people consider their civilisation the most important and valuable thing to them.A very large part of the New Orleans culture is Mardi Gras and it was a concern of the people whether they should or should not have the celebration the following year after Hurricane Katrina. Mardi Gras is an annual celebration and even the hurricane could not all told bring the residents of New Orleans down. Spike Lee wanted to show that even though the city looked bad, the people of New Orleans still had their high spirits. All the controversy involving New Orleans such as race, politics and culture lured Spike Lee to make a documentary about the hurricane.Based off his previous films Lee was fit to make this film and did a good job in conveying his message. With this use of enhanced photography and video change Lee was able to make an informative yet captivating film that showed the other side of the story. In his documentary, we can finally put human faces on the devastation (Jacobs) and realize that these people were once like us in their homes. His film not only allows us to see what occurred in August of 2006, but it lets us hear the individual stories and realize what we were not told by the government.The documentary gives us the victims view of the disaster and it makes the viewer more aware of the devastation that the people of New Orleans had to face. By making this documentary, Lee not only helped explain the troubles of the victims of Hurricane Katrina but he also let the people come out and express how they felt during the evacuation and rebuilding process. Cruz 6 Works Cited Chisholm, Kenneth. Plot Summary for When the Levees Broke A Requiem in Four Acts IMDb. IMDb. com, n. d. Web. 8 Mar. 2013. Holden, Stephen. When the Levees Broke Spike Lees Tales From a Broken City. Www. nytimes. com. The New York Times, 21 Aug. 2006. Web. 2013. Jacobs, Jay S. PopEntertainme nt. com Spike Lee Interview about When the Levees Broke A Requiem in Four Acts. PopEntertainment. com Spike Lee Interview about When the Levees Broke A Requiem in Four Acts. N. p. , 18 Dec. 2006. Web. 6 Mar. 2013. Onesto, Li. Spike Lees When the Levees Broke acidulous Truth About the Crimes in New Orleans. Spike Lees When the Levees Broke Bitter Truth About the Crimes in New Orleans. Revolution Newspaper, 27 Aug. 2006. Web. 7 Mar. 2013.